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Historical artifacts—indeed, entire histories—are often destroyed intentionally, as in the cases below. For each, learn who was responsible for the destruction in question. Is the destruction of historical artifacts ever justified—for instance, in the cases of statues of past conquerors or slaveholders?

Persepolis | Valencia Bible | Old Summer Palace | Amber Room

Persepolis - An ancient capital of the kings of the Achaemenian dynasty of Iran (Persia), located about 30 miles (50 km) northeast of Shīrāz in the Fars region of southwestern Iran. The site lies near the confluence of the Pulvār (Sīvand) and Kor rivers. In 1979 the ruins were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site. Alexander burned down the palace of Persepolis, the principal residence of the defeated Achaemenid dynasty, after a drinking party. Thaïs was present at the party and gave a speech which convinced Alexander to burn the palace. For a more insightful resource & Quora. this has nothing to do with the movie Persepolis (2007) but it is very nice

Valencia Bible - The Valencian Bible was the first printed Bible in the Valencian language. It was first printed between 1477 and 1478. It is the third Bible printed in a modern language (the preceding ones were printed in German in 1466 and Italian in 1471). The first printed Bible was the Latin Bible, Vulgate version, printed at Mainz in 1455. The first complete Catalan Bible translation was produced by the Catholic Church, between 1287 and 1290. It was entrusted to Jaume de Montjuich by Alfonso II of Aragon. Remains of this version can be found in Paris (Bibliothèque Nationale). During the Inquisition, all copies were burned, and , who was considered to be the main author, was imprisoned. However, the translation is now ascribed to Bonifaci Ferrer. The last surviving paper sheet of this Bible is at the Hispanic Society in New York City. (x) theres not much about the valencia bible :(

Old Summer Palace - The Old Summer Palace, also known as Yuanmingyuan ('Gardens of Perfect Brightness') or Yuanmingyuan Park, originally called the Imperial Gardens, and sometimes called the Winter Palace. Widely perceived as the pinnacle work of Chinese imperial garden and palace design, the Old Summer Palace was known for its extensive collection of gardens, its building architecture and numerous art and historical treasures. In 1860, Britain’s High Commissioner to China, Lord Elgin, ordered troops to destroy both the Summer Palace and Old Summer Palace to avenge the killing of several British envoys to Beijing. By striking sites of cultural and imperial significance, Elgin wanted to chasten China. Learn more here from CNN.

Amber Room - The Amber Room was a chamber decorated in amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirrors, located in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo near Saint Petersburg. Constructed in the 18th century in Prussia, the room was dismantled and eventually disappeared during World War II. (x) this one is v interesting and i recommend u dive into this one since its content is a bit lengthy

Investigate the following strategies that early civilizations used to record their histories. What were their limitations, and can we learn from any of them today?

petroglyphs | cuneiform | nsibidi | quipus | Dispilio Tablet

petroglyphs - Petroglyphs are rock carvings (rock paintings are called pictographs) made by pecking directly on the rock surface using a stone chisel and a hammerstone. Petroglyphs are more than just "rock art," picture writing, or an imitation of the natural world. They should not be confused with hieroglyphics, which are symbols used to represent words, nor thought of as ancient Indian graffiti. Petroglyphs are powerful cultural symbols that reflect the complex societies and religions of the surrounding tribes. Petroglyphs are central to the monument's sacred landscape where traditional ceremonies still take place. Petroglyphs have existed in many cultures, from Australian Aborigines to prehistoric Scandinavians. The limitation of the petroglyphs is it’s set in stone, meaning it literally can’t be shown to others unless they see go to the location and see it.

cuneiform - Cuneiform is one of the oldest forms of writing known. It means "wedge-shaped," because people wrote it using a reed stylus cut to make a wedge-shaped mark on a clay tablet. Letters enclosed in clay envelopes, as well as works of literature, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh have been found. Cuneiform was developed by the Sumerians, who thrived during the third millennium B.C. Sumerians influenced culture and development beyond their original borders in Mesopotamia (present-day southern Iraq), site of the world's earliest civilization. The limitation of a cuneiform is you would need more clay to write more, or you would have to make your penmanship smaller to fit your message. i encourage u to continue researching as this will only show u the basis :3

nsibidi - Nsibidi is an ancient system of graphic communication indigenous to the Ejagham peoples of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon in the Cross River region. It is also used by neighboring Ibibio, Efik and Igbo peoples. Aesthetically compelling and encoded, nsibidi does not correspond to any one spoken language. Here are some examples of Nsibidi.

quipus - Quipus were knotted tally cords used by the Inca Civilization of South America (1400–1560). The system consisted of a main cord from which a variable number of pendant cords were attached. Each pendant cord contained clusters of knots. These knots and their clusters conveyed numerical information. The Inca people used them for collecting data and keeping records, monitoring tax obligations, collecting census records, calendrical information, and for military organization. ooh i think this is where quip, another site, got its name

Dispilio Tablet - The Dispilio tablet is a wooden tablet bearing inscribed markings, unearthed during George Hourmouziadis's excavations of Dispilio in Greece, and carbon 14-dated to 5202 (± 123) BC. It was discovered in 1993 in a Neolithic lakeshore settlement that occupied an artificial island near the modern village of Dispilio on Lake Kastoria in Kastoria, Western Macedonia, Greece. The wooden tablet was dated using the C12 method to have been made in 5260 BC, making it significantly older than the writing system used by the Sumerians. this tablet seems like a mystery of origins as archeologists can’t identify the writing.

oracle bones | cylcons | geoglyphs | runestones